The Colour #1

I was surprised to know that each person perceives colours differently. It appears that the 'red' I see may differ slightly from the 'red' others see.

Now, thinking again about the answer to "what is a good color tone for the Web," I realized that it depends on the purpose of what impression you want the Web to make on others. Whether you want to attract or relax, the color tones that are appropriate for that purpose will be "good tones. So, what kind of color tones are "attracting" or "relaxing"? In 2013, Moretti et al. proposed a tool called Color Harmonizer to support effective web design based on classical color harmony theory.

Computational production of colour harmony. Part 1: A prototype colour harmonization tool  (G.Moretti, P. Lyons, S. Marsland, Color research and application,  06/2013, 38-3)

Computational production of colour harmony. Part 2: Experimental evaluation of a tool for gui colour scheme creation  (G.Moretti, P. Lyons, S. Marsland, Color research and application,  06/2013, 38-3)

Other papers suggest that users identify the attractiveness of a website within 50 milliseconds of their first visit, and since the colors that first catch their eyes are very important, we propose a method that takes cultural background into account in the selection of shades that will attract users.

Hue combinations for the web: Towards a repertoire of design guidelines for combining color hues based on cultural background (V.Ruse, M.Faraon, M.Wetterstrand. ICCTA '19: Proceedings of the 2019 5th International Conference on Computer and Technology Applications, 04/2019, pp.63–70)

After researching this topic, I was surprised to find out that it was physicists and chemists who came up with the concept of colour in the first place, and that it was physicists and chemists who developed it, which was brilliant. Although there were old theories of colour, such as Aristotle's "All colours arise from between black and white" and Da Vinci's "Distant objects make more intense colours", Newton's physical experiments showed that light was split into colours by prisms and colour science began, so physics is the source. Here is a list of researchers in chronological order.

Incidentally, the question of whether light, the source of colour, is a particle or a wave has been a mystery for more than 300 years (!). Einstein solved this mystery in 1905 by showing that light is both a wave and a particle. This fact that it is both a wave and a particle is called 'quantum'.

The CIE 1976 Lab* and Lub* colour spaces, which are now widely used, were developed during the active period of Billen and Judd. However, it is unclear whether they were directly involved in the arrangements of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), which is based in Switzerland. It is interesting to note that the Illuminating Commission decided on the system of colour, possibly due to the fact that the source of colour is light.

I wonder if the CIE 1976 UCS colour space will unify with the digitalisation or if their claims will coexist like the Freudian and Jungian schools of psychology. The CIE 1976 colour space was created based on human vision, but it is unclear how individual cone differences are considered. Therefore, I researched this topic.

First, many papers discuss color integration and consistency among the various color systems, and they seem to be aiming at unifying the color space.
In 2022, Smith et al. developed Virtual Colour Atlas , a unification tool for seven colour systems (Colourcurve, Coloroid, DIN 6164, Munsell, OSA-UCS, NCS, Swiss Colour Atlas 2541), three colour spaces (CIE xyY, CIELAB, CIELUV), and three colour gamuts (BS:5252, RAL 840-HR, RAL 841-GL).

The tool is available for free on the web and was released two years ago. If this tool gains acceptance from various circles and similar ideas are consolidated, the colour system will naturally become unified. However, on page 71 of Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology, Berns states that "the goal of a uniform color space is not achievable ". Virtual Colour Atlas claims to have integrated three color spaces, but what other color spaces are there and why are they not achievable? It seems to me that there are inconsistencies in the calculations between the other color spaces.

The treatment of cones in CIE 1976 is currently under investigation.